Sisitemu yo kuvura ibinyabiziga bya Diesel
Umwuka wa Diesel bivuga gaze isohoka itangwa na moteri ya mazutu nyuma yo gutwika mazutu, irimo ibice byinshi bitandukanye. Iyuka rya gaze ntabwo ihumura gusa, ahubwo inatera abantu umutwe, isesemi, kandi bigira ingaruka kubuzima bwabantu. Nk’uko impuguke z’umuryango w’ubuzima ku isi zibitangaza, moteri ya mazutu ya mazutu ni kanseri nyinshi kandi yashyizwe ku rutonde rwa kanseri yo mu rwego rwa A. Iyi myanda ihumanya cyane cyane irimo aside ya azote (NOx), hydrocarbone (HC), monoxyde de carbone (CO) hamwe n’ibintu byangiza, n’ibindi bisohoka cyane cyane hafi y’ubutaka, kandi ibyo bihumanya byinjira mu myanya y'ubuhumekero binyuze mu mazuru no mu kanwa, bigatera kwangiza ubuzima bwabantu.
Ibyuka nyamukuru bya moteri ya mazutu ni PM (ibintu bitandukanya) na NOx, mugihe imyuka ya CO na HC iri hasi. Kugenzura ibyuka bya moteri ya mazutu bikubiyemo cyane cyane kugenzura ibyuka bya PM na OYA, no kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya bya PM na NOx. Kugeza ubu, kugirango ikibazo gikemuke cya mazutu ya mazutu, ibisubizo byinshi bya tekiniki bifata sisitemu ya EGR + DOC + DPF + SCR + ASC.
EGR
EGR ni impfunyapfunyo ya gaze ya gaze. Umwuka wa gazi usohora bivuga gusubiza igice cya gaze ya gaze isohoka muri moteri ikagera kuri enterineti kandi ikongera ikinjira muri silinderi hamwe nuruvange rushya. Kubera ko gaze isohoka irimo imyuka myinshi ya polyatomike nka CO2, na CO2 nizindi myuka ntishobora gutwikwa ariko ikurura ubushyuhe bwinshi bitewe nubushyuhe bwihariye bwihariye, ubushyuhe ntarengwa bwo gutwika imvange muri silinderi buragabanuka , bityo kugabanya umubare wa NOx wabyaye.
DOC
DOC izina ryuzuye Diesel oxyde cataliste, nintambwe yambere yuburyo bwose nyuma yubuvuzi, mubisanzwe icyiciro cya mbere cyumuyoboro wibyiciro bitatu, muri rusange hamwe nibyuma byagaciro cyangwa ceramika nkumutwara wa catalizator.
Igikorwa nyamukuru cya DOC ni uguhindura CO na HC muri gaze ya gaze, ikayihindura idafite ubumara kandi butagira ingaruka C02 na H2O. Muri icyo gihe, irashobora kandi gukuramo ibinyabuzima byangirika hamwe nuduce tumwe na tumwe twa karubone, kandi bikagabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere. OYA ihindurwamo okiside kuri NO2 (NO2 nayo ni isoko ya gaze ya reaction yo hasi). Twabibutsa ko guhitamo catalizator bifitanye isano rya bugufi nubushyuhe bwa mazutu, iyo ubushyuhe buri munsi ya 150 ° C, catalizator ntabwo ikora. Hamwe no kwiyongera kwubushyuhe, imikorere yo guhindura ibice byingenzi bigize ibice byuka byiyongera buhoro buhoro. Iyo ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya 350 ° C, bitewe numusaruro mwinshi wa sulfate, ariko ukongera imyuka ihumanya ikirere, na sulfate bizatwikira hejuru ya catalizator kugirango bigabanye ibikorwa no guhindura imikorere ya catalizator, bityo bikenewe.ubushyuhegukurikirana ubushyuhe bwa DOC, mugihe ubushyuhe bwa DOC bwo gufata hejuru ya 250 ° C hydrocarbone isanzwe yaka, ni ukuvuga reaction ya okiside ihagije.
DPF
Izina ryuzuye rya DPF ni Diesel Particle Filter, nigice cya kabiri cyibikorwa nyuma yubuvuzi kandi nigice cya kabiri cyumuyoboro wibyiciro bitatu. Igikorwa cyayo nyamukuru ni ugufata ibice bya PM, kandi ubushobozi bwayo bwo kugabanya PM ni 90%.
Akayunguruzo gashobora kugabanya neza imyuka y’ibintu. Irabanza ifata ibintu bito muri gaze ya gaze. Igihe kirenze, ibintu byinshi kandi byinshi bizashyira muri DPF, kandi itandukaniro ryumuvuduko wa DPF riziyongera buhoro buhoro. Uwitekaicyuma gitandukanya sensor irashobora kubikurikirana. Iyo itandukaniro ryumuvuduko rirenze urwego runaka, bizatera inzira ya DPF yo kuvanaho ibintu byegeranijwe. Kuvugurura muyungurura bivuga kwiyongera gahoro gahoro ibintu bito mumutego mugihe cyigihe kirekire, bishobora gutera kwiyongera kwumuvuduko winyuma ya moteri kandi bigatuma imikorere ya moteri igabanuka. Kubwibyo, birakenewe gukuraho buri gihe ibintu byabitswe no kugarura imikorere yo kuyungurura umutego.
Iyo ubushyuhe mumutego wibice bugeze kuri 550 ℃ kandi umwuka wa ogisijeni urenze 5%, ibice byashyizwemo bizahinduka okiside kandi bigashya. Niba ubushyuhe buri munsi ya 550 ℃, imyanda myinshi izabuza umutego. Uwitekaubushyuhe ikurikirana ubushyuhe bwo gufata DPF. Iyo ubushyuhe butujuje ibisabwa, ikimenyetso kizagaburirwa inyuma. Muri iki gihe, ingufu zituruka hanze (nk'ubushyuhe bw'amashanyarazi, gutwika, cyangwa guhindura imikorere ya moteri) bigomba gukoreshwa kugirango ubushyuhe bwiyongere imbere muri DPF kandi bitume ibice bihinduka okiside kandi bigashya.
SCR
SCR isobanura Guhitamo Catalitike Kugabanya, impfunyapfunyo ya Sisitemu yo Kugabanya Catalitike. Nicyo gice cyanyuma mumiyoboro isohoka. Ikoresha urea nkibikoresho bigabanya kandi ikoresha catalizator kugirango ikore imiti hamwe na NOx kugirango ihindure NOx muri N2 na H2O.
Sisitemu ya SCR ikoresha sisitemu yo gutera inshinge zifashishijwe mu kirere. Pompe ya urea itanga pompe ifite igikoresho cyubatswe gishobora kugenzura pompe yimbere ya urea imbere hamwe na compte de air solenoid valve ikora kugirango ikore muburyo bwashyizweho. Igenzura ryinshinge (DCU) ivugana na moteri ECU ibinyujije muri bisi ya CAN kugirango ibone ibipimo bikora moteri, hanyuma itange ibimenyetso byubushyuhe bwa catalitiki ihindura bishingiye kuriubushyuhe bwo hejuru , ibara umubare watewe inshinge, kandi igenzura pompe itanga urea kugirango itere urugero rwa urea binyuze muri bisi ya CAN. Imbere mu muyoboro. Igikorwa cyumwuka uhumanye ni ugutwara urea yapimwe kuri nozzle, kugirango urea ibe atomike yuzuye nyuma yo guterwa muri nozzle.
ASC
ASC Ammonia Slip Catalyst ni impfunyapfunyo ya catalizike ya ammonia. Bitewe no kumeneka kwa urea no gukora neza, ammonia iterwa no kubora urea irashobora gusohoka mu kirere mu buryo butaziguye bitabiriye icyo gikorwa. Ibi bisaba kwishyiriraho ibikoresho bya ASC kugirango wirinde guhunga ammonia.
Ubusanzwe ASC yashyizwe mumpera yinyuma ya SCR, kandi ikoresha igikoresho cya catalizator nkibyuma byagaciro kurukuta rwimbere rwikigo kugirango itume reaction ya REDOX, ifata NH3 muri N2 itagira ingaruka.
Umuyoboro
Byakoreshejwe mu gupima ubushyuhe bwimyanya myanya itandukanye kuri catalizator, harimo ubushyuhe bwo gufata bwa DOC (bakunze kwita ubushyuhe bwa T4), DPF (bakunze kwita ubushyuhe bwa T5), SCR (bakunze kwita ubushyuhe bwa T6), na catalizator ubushyuhe bwa tailpipe ubushyuhe (mubisanzwe byitwa ubushyuhe bwa T7). Muri icyo gihe, ibimenyetso bihuye byoherezwa muri ECU, ikora ingamba zijyanye no kuvugurura hamwe n’ingamba zo gutera urea zishingiye ku makuru yatanzwe na sensor. Amashanyarazi yacyo ni 5V, naho igipimo cy'ubushyuhe kiri hagati ya -40 ℃ na 900 ℃.
Umuyoboro utandukanye
Ikoreshwa mugushakisha umuvuduko winyuma hagati yumuyaga wa DPF no gusohoka muri catalitike ihindura, no kohereza ibimenyetso bijyanye na ECU kugirango igenzure imikorere ya DPF na OBD. Amashanyarazi ya voltage ni 5V, naho ibidukikije bikora Ubushyuhe ni -40 ~ 130 ℃.
Sensors igira uruhare runini muri sisitemu yo gutunganya ibinyabiziga bya mazutu, bifasha gukurikirana no kugenzura ibyuka bihumanya kugirango hubahirizwe amabwiriza y’ibidukikije no kuzamura ubwiza bw’ikirere. Sensors itanga amakuru yubushyuhe bwumuriro, umuvuduko, urugero rwa ogisijeni na aside ya azote (NOx), ishami rishinzwe kugenzura moteri (ECU) ikoresha mugutezimbere uburyo bwo gutwika, kunoza imikorere ya lisansi no kongera ubuzima bwibikoresho bivura umuyaga.
Mu gihe inganda zitwara ibinyabiziga zikomeje kwibanda ku kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere no kuzamura ubwiza bw’ikirere, iterambere no guhuza ibyuma byifashishwa bigezweho ni ngombwa kugira ngo bigerweho.